{"id":24130,"date":"2023-07-31T16:33:42","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T16:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/longevity-news\/innate-immunity-and-acquired-immunity\/"},"modified":"2023-07-31T16:33:42","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T16:33:42","slug":"innate-immunity-and-acquired-immunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/innate-immunity-and-acquired-immunity\/","title":{"rendered":"Innate immunity and acquired immunity"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>What is the immune system?<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>immune system<\/strong> is the set of physical, physiological, molecular and cellular mechanisms by which an organism, including humans, defends itself against threats such as <strong>viruses<\/strong> and <strong>bacteria<\/strong>. It consists of two main components that are referred to as <strong>innate immunity<\/strong> and <strong>adaptive immunity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>What is innate immunity?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Innate<\/strong><strong>immunity<\/strong> encompasses a range of defensive barriers: <strong>anatomical<\/strong> (such as skin and mucous membranes), <strong>physiological<\/strong> (such as temperature and pH), <strong>molecular<\/strong> (e.g., interferons and complement proteins), and <strong>cellular<\/strong> (mediated by different cell types, e.g., macrophages and Natural Killer cells). These mechanisms are present <strong>from birth<\/strong> and are the first to counteract any dangers. Innate immunity is a <strong>fast<\/strong> and <strong>powerful<\/strong> type of immune response, but <strong>it is not specific<\/strong> and<strong> does not &#8220;remember&#8221;<\/strong> threats faced in the past.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of mechanisms of innate immunity are <strong>coughing<\/strong> and <strong>sneezing<\/strong>, mucus, enzymes contained in tears, and the <strong>acidic pH of the stomach-systems<\/strong> designed to keep out potentially dangerous antigens or destroy them before they can do harm. <strong>Interferons<\/strong> are part of humoral innate immunity: they are proteins of the cytokine family that, as the name suggests, interfere with viral infections and enhance the action of immune cells such as <strong>macrophages<\/strong>. The latter, by engulfing potential pathogens and cellular debris, are the scavengers of the immune system.<\/p>\n<h3>What is acquired immunity?<\/h3>\n<p>If pathogens succeed in overcoming the body&#8217;s first lines of defense, then the mechanisms of <strong>acquired immunity<\/strong> (also called <strong>adaptive<\/strong> or <strong>specific<\/strong>immunity ) intervene. It is therefore a <strong>delayed<\/strong> immune response, but it has the advantage of being <strong>specific<\/strong> and retaining the <strong>memory <\/strong>of battles already fought, so that it is <strong>activated soonerr and more effectively in case of future encounters<\/strong> with the <strong>same pathogen<\/strong>. Acquired immunity is based on the activation of <strong>B lymphocytes<\/strong> and<strong>T lymphocytes<\/strong>, i.e., cells that are highly specialized precisely to fight infection, in different ways.<\/p>\n<h3>What are B lymphocytes and what are they used for?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>B lymphocytes<\/strong> are cells with immune functions. Present in the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, they perform multiple functions. <strong>They mediate the action of T lymphocytes<\/strong> by intercepting, thanks to a receptor on their surface (Bcr), the antigen for which they specialize and presenting it to T cells so as to activate them. B lymphocytes also <strong>release cytokines<\/strong>, but the function for which they are best known is the <strong>production of antibodies<\/strong>, which are proteins that serve as a &#8220;molecular tag&#8221; that binds to the antigen by signaling to the other components of the immune system the presence of the pathogen to be eliminated. Antigen-antibody binding is one of the keys to successful acquired immunity.<\/p>\n<p>When it intercepts the antigen for which it is specific, the B lymphocyte is activated and within 48 to 72 hours it prepares for antibody production, matures and multiplies, taking the name <strong>plasma cell<\/strong>. Plasma cells produce specific antibodies until the infection is eliminated, then most die. Some, however, survive by becoming<strong> memory B lymphocytes<\/strong>, that is, those cells that keep track of the defeated enemy and in the event of new aggression initiate a faster and more effective secondary immune response.<\/p>\n<h3>What are T lymphocytes and what are they used for?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>T<\/strong> <strong>lymphocytes<\/strong> are <strong>effector<\/strong> immune cells, i.e., deputed to directly counter the threat (whether it is a pathogen, toxin, or cancer cell). T lymphocytes are also specialized cells and recognize a particular antigen. When such an antigen is present, they become activated and proliferate. There are actually multiple types of T lymphocytes: <strong>helper<\/strong> T lymphocytes (or CD4+) and <strong>cytotoxic<\/strong> T lymphocytes (or CD8+).<\/p>\n<p>T <strong>helper <\/strong>lymphocytes are adjuvants: they produce <strong>cytokines<\/strong> that serve to <strong>activate other T lymphocytes<\/strong> and <strong>stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies<\/strong>. Within the T helper lymphocyte group, then, two subtypes called <strong>Th1<\/strong> and <strong>Th2<\/strong> can be distinguished. <strong>Th1s<\/strong> produce <strong>proinflammatory<\/strong> cytokines (e.g., interferon gamma) and together with cytotoxic T lymphocytes support a very powerful immune response that, if not modulated, can degenerate into <strong>chronic inflammation<\/strong> and damage the body. <strong>Th2s<\/strong>, on the other hand, together with plasma cells, promote an immune response that is considered<strong> anti-inflammatory<\/strong>. The<strong>balance<\/strong> between <a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/immunometabolism-nutrients-for-the-immune-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Th1 and Th2 responses<\/a> produces an <strong>effective<\/strong> immune reaction that is at the same time <strong>not excessively harmful<\/strong> to the body.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, <strong>cytotoxic<\/strong> T lymphocytes are<strong> storm troopers<\/strong>: their role is to <strong>attack and neutralize<\/strong> threats by punching holes in the cell wall through particular proteins. Once the threat is eliminated, the T lymphocytes do not die immediately, but retreat into the lymph nodes and become <strong>memory T cells<\/strong>, able to intervene promptly should the threat reoccur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The immune system protects us from attack by pathogens through two types of responses: innate and acquired immunity. The first is very quick and powerful, but not specific. The second, in contrast, is slower and is specific. The latter is based on the activation of highly specialized cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":23821,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[161,197],"class_list":["post-24130","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-longevity-words","tag-antibodies-and-immunology","tag-words-of-longevity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Innate immunity and acquired immunity - SoLongevity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Innate and acquired immunity are the two sides of the immune system, which protects us from pathogen attack\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/innate-immunity-and-acquired-immunity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Innate immunity and acquired immunity - 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