{"id":40803,"date":"2024-05-08T12:59:50","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T12:59:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/longevity-news\/epigenetics-what-does-it-mean\/"},"modified":"2024-05-08T12:59:50","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T12:59:50","slug":"epigenetics-what-does-it-mean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/epigenetics-what-does-it-mean\/","title":{"rendered":"Epigenetics: What Does It Mean?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Epigenetics: what is it?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Epigenetics<\/strong> is the science that studies the mechanisms of <strong>genome regulation<\/strong> that do not alter the DNA sequence. The term, coined in 1942 by the University of Edinburgh embryologist and geneticist Conrad Hal Waddington, indicates precisely something that sits above (\u201cepi\u201d, in Greek) the genome, that is, all those <strong>chemical modifications<\/strong> of the nucleotides (the \u201cbuilding blocks\u201d that make up DNA) or of the proteins bound to DNA (called histones) that change the degree of <strong>activation<\/strong> and <strong>deactivation<\/strong> of <strong>genes<\/strong>. In other words, while genetic changes can modify the \u201cwords\u201d written in the genetic code (that is, the genes), epigenetic modifications change the way those words are read. Moreover, unlike genetic changes, epigenetic ones are <strong>reversible<\/strong>. Epigenetic modifications can also be <strong>transmitted<\/strong> from the mother cell to the daughter cell during cell division or from one generation to the next. The set of all epigenetic modifications is called the <strong>epigenome<\/strong> and can be <strong>influenced by many factors<\/strong>, from age to diet, to exposure to pollutants.     <\/p>\n<h3>Epigenetic mechanisms<\/h3>\n<p>Epigenetic changes influence gene expression by acting at different levels:<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>changes to DNA<\/strong>: in the process called <strong>methylation<\/strong>, the enzyme methyltransferase adds methyl chemical groups (CH3) to specific sequences in DNA. This prevents the proteins that recognize those sequences from attaching to DNA, reading it and translating it into proteins. In general, therefore, methylation <strong>inhibits gene expression<\/strong>, while demethylation activates it.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>changes to proteins<\/strong>: chemical modifications (for example methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination) of <strong>histones<\/strong>, that is, the proteins around which the DNA strand is wound, make reading the gene sequence <strong>more or less accessible<\/strong> and consequently affect its expression.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>non-coding RNA<\/strong>: non-coding RNAs are molecules that are not used to produce proteins but serve as <strong>regulators of gene expression<\/strong> at the post-transcriptional level, that is, they can <strong>pair with coding RNAs to silence them<\/strong> and prevent protein synthesis.  <\/p>\n<h3>Epigenetics and aging<\/h3>\n<p>Many mechanisms influence the <strong>aging<\/strong> process and therefore <strong>longevity<\/strong>: telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, the accumulation of DNA damage and also <strong>epigenetic changes<\/strong>. The latter are involved in the phenomenon of <strong>cellular senescence<\/strong> and can be used as <strong>biomarkers<\/strong> to define the biological age of individual tissues or organs and, with a greater degree of approximation, of the whole organism. Methylation, in particular, is the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/horvaths-clock-the-first-universal-biological-clock\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>epigenetic biological clocks<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 tools that provide a quantitative measure correlated with age and that are able to predict mortality, the risk of falling ill and, in general, the decline in health status. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic mechanisms, acting on them with <strong>targeted interventions<\/strong> (for example supplements, drugs, lifestyle changes, etc.) could be a <strong>new frontier<\/strong> for preventing and treating age-related disorders, such as metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders and cancer.   <\/p>\n    <div class=\"container-product-box_art\">\n        <div class=\"product-box_art\">\n            <div class=\"product-image_art\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/bioclock-hero.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/bioclock-hero.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/bioclock-hero-1280x720.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/bioclock-hero-980x551.jpg 980w, https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/bioclock-hero-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1920px, 100vw\" \/><\/div>\n            <div class=\"product-details_art\">\n                <h2 class=\"product-title_art\">BioClock SoLongevity<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"product-description_art\">Per <strong>misurare l'invecchiamento<\/strong> dei principali sistemi fisiologici, <strong>BioClock<\/strong> di Solongevity si affida alla tecnologia GrimAge di Clock Foundation che si basa sull'<strong>esame epigenetico<\/strong> di 10 geni. I risultati permettono di <strong>indirizzare l\u2019attivit\u00e0 clinica<\/strong> contro i fattori che incidono negativamente sull\u2019et\u00e0 biologica della persona.  <\/div>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/clinica\/bioclock-solongevity\/\" class=\"button product-button\">Vai alla pagina<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<h3>Epigenetics, lifestyle and diet<\/h3>\n<p>To recap, the epigenome modulates the aging process, conditioning the onset of the disorders and diseases connected with it, but it changes in response to environmental factors (<a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/longevity-news\/esposoma-che-cosa-e\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exposome<\/a>). Environmental factors with epigenetic effects include <strong>lifestyle<\/strong>, <strong>smoking<\/strong>, <strong>diet<\/strong> and <strong>pollution<\/strong>. An <strong>improvement<\/strong> in behaviors and quality of life can, therefore, bring <strong>benefits<\/strong>. For example, after quitting smoking, former smokers can reach methylation levels similar to those of non-smokers. Diet is one of the most studied and best understood environmental epigenetic factors. Some <strong>foods<\/strong>, for example, seem to <strong>modify the methylation status of DNA<\/strong>, thus modulating the expression of <a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/cellfasting-stimulating-sirtuins-with-a-nutraceutical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sirtuins<\/a>, proteins involved in the cellular processes of stress response, apoptosis and inflammation. Observational studies have also shown that, even before birth, suboptimal nutritional conditions of the mother (such as a lack of folic acid in the diet) influence the health of the unborn child, with an increased risk of diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and reduced cognitive function).      <\/p>\n<h3>Epigenetic inheritance<\/h3>\n<p>As mentioned, the molecular imprint on DNA is <strong>heritable<\/strong> by subsequent generations of cells. If these cells are eggs and sperm, the epigenetic modifications will also be inherited by the next generation of individuals. Not only <strong>maternal<\/strong> epigenetics, therefore, but also <strong>paternal<\/strong> epigenetics contributes to influencing the health of children. So much so that some studies have noted that a certain degree of caloric restriction in the paternal line can be reflected in a longer average lifespan in descendants.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Epigenetics is a field of biology that studies changes in DNA that modify gene expression but do not involve alterations in the sequence of the genetic code<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":26853,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[258,357,197],"class_list":["post-40803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-longevity-words","tag-aging","tag-epigenetics","tag-words-of-longevity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Epigenetics: What Does It Mean? 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