{"id":40886,"date":"2022-02-22T15:29:52","date_gmt":"2022-02-22T15:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/longevity-news\/anti-covid-vaccines-how-the-antibody-response-changes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T15:10:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T15:10:05","slug":"anti-covid-vaccines-antibody-response","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/anti-covid-vaccines-antibody-response\/","title":{"rendered":"Anti-COVID Vaccines: How the Antibody Response Changes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"title_text-block_618e372ecd2cd\">\n          <p class=\"p1\"><i>A study in eBioMedicine, conducted by the University of Verona with the participation of SoLongevity Research, reveals important new information on the serological response to vaccines<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>What you will find in this article<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The serological response to the virus or vaccine shows great variability at the individual level<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i>The presence of type M immunoglobulins after vaccination is associated with a higher antibody level and a greater ability to neutralize the virus<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i>The response to vaccination may depend on pre-existing immunity developed against other coronaviruses<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Other topics you may be interested in<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/covid-19why-seasonal-ailments-can-aggravate-its-effects\/\">SoLongevity Research&#8217;s COVID-19 research published in Frontiers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/en\/longevity-news\/long-covid-symptoms-of-early-immune-aging\/\">What Long COVID is<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"title_text-block_5eb51701a3d3e\">\n          <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than two years after the pandemic began, the mechanisms by which our immune system responds to <strong>SARS-CoV-2<\/strong> infection and to vaccines are still not clear. The reasons for the high variability of this response are not yet understood, and many questions remain open. For example: are there factors associated with greater protection from the disease? Do past infections with other coronaviruses, such as those of the common <strong>cold<\/strong>, play a role? And is it possible to identify a marker predictive of the individual response to vaccination?     <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several studies are trying to shed light on precisely these aspects: the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/ebiom\/article\/PIIS2352-3964(22)00072-X\/fulltext\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">latest one, to which <strong>eBioMedicine<\/strong> (a journal of the Lancet group) dedicated its cover<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, was conducted by the team of <strong>Donato Zipeto<\/strong> at the University of Verona, in collaboration with <em><strong>SoLongevity Research<\/strong><\/em>. The results indicate an important role, so far largely uninvestigated, for a class of antibodies, <strong>immunoglobulins M<\/strong> (<strong>IgM<\/strong>), which is a candidate to be a valid marker of an efficient response to vaccination. And that is not all: they suggest that past encounters with other coronaviruses may provide protection against <strong>COVID<\/strong>. But let us take things in order.   <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"title_text-block_60d6f269ec137\">\n        <h3 class=\"article-title\">IgM and IgG antibodies: an unexpected discovery<\/h3>\n          <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Immunoglobulins<\/strong> (Ig) are produced by <strong>B lymphocytes<\/strong>, and there are 5 \u201ctypes\u201d: among these, <strong>IgM<\/strong> and <strong>IgG<\/strong> are the main antibodies that defend us from infections. IgM are antibodies generally associated with the first phase of an infection: they appear first after exposure to a virus or an antigen, represent a <strong>non-specific response<\/strong> and last for a limited time; IgG appear in a second phase, are <strong>highly specific<\/strong> and are associated with <strong>long-term immune memory<\/strong>. Currently, IgG are mainly used to assess the response to a vaccine.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The starting point of the new study was precisely the little attention shown so far to IgM: what role could they play? \u201cTo understand this, we enrolled more than 1,800 healthcare workers vaccinated against COVID-19 with an <strong>mRNA vaccine<\/strong> (BioNTech-Pfizer): 1,500 with no history of infection and 300 with a previous infection,\u201d explains <strong>Alberto Beretta<\/strong>, President and Scientific Director of SoLongevity. \u201cWe then analyzed the nature of their antibody response before vaccination, at the time of the second dose and three weeks later, monitoring and quantifying the presence of both IgM and IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 <strong>spike protein<\/strong> (and, for IgG, also against another viral protein, the nucleocapsid protein, or N protein, editor&#8217;s note). What emerged was rather unexpected.\u201d  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Normally, in fact, when a person who has never encountered the virus targeted by a vaccination is vaccinated, IgM are expected to appear first, but this occurred in only just over a third of the sample (38%). As for the others, half showed only IgG (without IgM) and the other half &#8211; even more strangely &#8211; developed IgM even after IgG had appeared. Three different pictures therefore emerge.   <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"title_text-block_60fa9a61d915b\">\n        <h3 class=\"article-title\">The meaning of IgM<\/h3>\n          <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWe also observed,\u201d Beretta continues, \u201cthat the presence of IgM together with IgG is associated with higher levels of total IgG. And that is not all: when IgM are present, the ability of vaccinated people&#8217;s sera to neutralize the virus is greater. Finally, we also noticed another anomalous behavior of IgM: in some cases, in vaccinated people with a history of infection, they seem to persist for quite a long time.   <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In short, those who develop IgM after vaccination seem to have the highest probability of developing IgG that neutralize the virus and of being protected for a longer period.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-6978 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/solongevity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/figura-IgM.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1097\" height=\"960\"> Credits: Dr. Alessandra Ruggero, University of Verona<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"custom_quote-block_6214fca6a0b29\" class=\"quote\">\n  <p class=\"quote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;Those who develop IgM after vaccination seem to have the highest probability of developing IgG that neutralize the virus and of being protected for a longer period&#8221;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"title_text-block_6214f67aa0b28\">\n        <h3 class=\"article-title\">Encounters with other coronaviruses and pre-existing immunity<\/h3>\n          <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The results also suggest that the immune response to the coronavirus is influenced by <strong>pre-existing immunity<\/strong>. The hypothesis, in fact, is that where only IgG and not IgM production is observed, this is due to the presence of <strong>cross-immunity to other coronaviruses<\/strong>, such as those of the <strong>common cold<\/strong>. As if, essentially, the response to the vaccine also exploited a pre-existing immune response. \u201cIt is not yet clear whether this may translate into increased or reduced vaccine efficiency, but we think it is more likely to contribute in protective terms,\u201d Beretta stresses:    <\/span>\u201cA study recently published in the journal Nature Immunology provides additional evidence for the hypothesis of a protective role of the cross-reactive response stimulated by other coronaviruses. The picture that is emerging is one of a separation between the mechanisms that protect us from infection and those that protect us from disease. The latter seem to be strongly influenced by cross-reactive responses.   <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This complex scenario could account for the great individual variability and leads us to suppose that the new coronavirus probably encountered a population that was already partly immune. Which means it could have been even more devastating.\u201d  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These studies can help optimize <strong>vaccination strategies for people who have already been infected<\/strong> or for those who do not respond to <strong>vaccination<\/strong> by producing IgM. 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The presence of type M immunoglobulins is associated with a higher antibody level and a greater ability to neutralize the virus. And it suggests that the response to vaccination may depend on pre-existing immunity developed against other coronaviruses  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1014,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[158,60],"tags":[161,164],"class_list":["post-40886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en","category-old-posts","tag-antibodies-and-immunology","tag-covid-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Anti-COVID vaccines: how the antibody response changes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A study conducted by SoLongevity Research and the University of Verona, published in eBioMedicine, on the serological response to 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